VAT Calculator
Add or remove VAT for UK and EU countries. Supports all standard rates — 20% UK, 19% Germany, 22% Italy, and custom rates.
VAT Rates Across Europe (2026)
Value Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax applied at each stage of production and sale. Rates vary significantly across EU member states and in the UK. Here are the current standard VAT rates for major European countries:
| Country | Standard Rate | Reduced Rate | Super-Reduced | Zero Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 20% | 5% | — | 0% |
| 🇩🇪 Germany | 19% | 7% | — | — |
| 🇫🇷 France | 20% | 10% | 5.5% | 2.1% |
| 🇮🇹 Italy | 22% | 10% | 5% | 4% |
| 🇪🇸 Spain | 21% | 10% | 4% | — |
| 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 21% | 9% | — | — |
| 🇧🇪 Belgium | 21% | 12% | 6% | — |
| 🇦🇹 Austria | 20% | 13% | 10% | — |
| 🇵🇱 Poland | 23% | 8% | 5% | — |
| 🇸🇪 Sweden | 25% | 12% | 6% | — |
| 🇩🇰 Denmark | 25% | — | — | — |
VAT Formulas Explained
There are two key VAT calculations:
- Adding VAT (net → gross): Gross = Net × (1 + VAT Rate)
Example: £500 + 20% VAT = £500 × 1.20 = £600 - Removing VAT (gross → net): Net = Gross ÷ (1 + VAT Rate)
Example: £600 ÷ 1.20 = £500 net + £100 VAT
When Do You Need to Calculate VAT?
- Self-employed / freelancers: Adding VAT to invoices if VAT-registered (UK threshold: £90,000/year)
- Business purchases: Reclaiming input VAT on expenses
- E-commerce: Determining VAT-inclusive prices for EU customers
- Accounting: Separating VAT from gross income for returns
- Consumers: Understanding how much tax is included in a price
UK VAT Registration in 2026
UK businesses must register for VAT if their taxable turnover exceeds £90,000 in a 12-month period (as of 2024, maintained into 2026). Once registered, you must charge VAT on sales and can reclaim VAT on business purchases by submitting quarterly VAT returns to HMRC.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I calculate VAT in the UK?
To add UK VAT (20%) to a net price: multiply by 1.20. For example, £100 net becomes £120 gross (£20 VAT). To remove VAT from a gross price: divide by 1.20. So £120 ÷ 1.20 = £100 net, and the VAT is £20.
How do I remove VAT from a price?
To remove VAT from a gross (VAT-inclusive) price, divide by (1 + VAT rate). For 20% VAT: Net = Gross ÷ 1.20. For 21%: Net = Gross ÷ 1.21. This gives you the pre-VAT (net) amount. VAT amount = Gross − Net.
What is the VAT rate in the UK in 2026?
The standard VAT rate in the UK remains 20% in 2026. There is also a reduced rate of 5% for certain goods like home energy and children's car seats, and a zero rate (0%) for items like most food and children's clothing.
What are the VAT rates across the EU?
EU VAT rates vary by country: Germany 19%, France 20%, Italy 22%, Spain 21%, Netherlands 21%, Poland 23%, Sweden 25%, Denmark 25%. Most EU countries also have reduced rates (5-15%) for essential goods and services.
What is the difference between net and gross price?
Net price is the price before VAT (excluding tax). Gross price is the price after VAT has been added (including tax). When a business quotes prices, B2B transactions often use net prices, while consumer-facing (B2C) prices are always gross (VAT included).
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